Paper’s Of Semantics

PAPER OF LINGUISTICS

SEMANTICS

 

 

 

Created By :

Nisa Nadya Silmy

Nurfauzan Harun

Nurul Fajriana

Renata Chaerunnisa

BSI/II/C

 

 

 

Faculty of Adab and Humanities State Islamic University

Sunan Gunung Djati

FOREWORD

 

General linguistics is a course given to all student majoring in languages and literature, both in teacher education institutions and faculties of literature, with the aim of providing basic supplies to be able to follow and understand the following language courses. Therefore, this course is usually given at the beginning of the semester, the semester before day follow other languages courses. Without general linguistic major they would get difficult to follow other language course.

The materials provided in general linguistic is the understanding, the nature as structure of language in general. That is, not the structure of particular language, but the structure of language as a means of verbal communication that only human posses.

Indonesia in the literature actually has a number of books that had been used, either foreign language or translation of the original author’s Indonesia. But the presence of more comprehensive book which content is compose of materials which has been use in the lecture of the general linguistic.

Presumably this book will provide a meaningful contribution in the implementation of the learning process. To further streamline the learning process, then at the end of each chapter presented the tasks and exercises, which can be done alone or shared, or discussed together.

 

 

 

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Language is a communication system which is very important for humans. Language is a tool of human communication that is inseparable from the sense or meaning to every word spoken. As a dynamic element, the language sentiasa analyzed and assessed using perbagai approach to studying it. Among other approaches that can be used to assess the meaning of language is the approach. Semantics is one area in which to learn about the semantic meaning.

And if the sense of meaning, the types of meaning, and the relation of meaning? According Mansoer Pateda (2001:79) that the meaning of the term are words and terms that are confusing. The meaning is always embedded in the speech word or phrase. There are several kinds of meaning, among other lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, the meaning of denotation, connotation and meaning. In addition, there is also a relation called the relation of meaning is the meaning of semantic relationships that exist between language units with one unit to another language.

In the next section of this paper will be discussed further on the notion of meaning, the kinds of meanings, and relationships of meaning.

 

BAB II

CONTENT

A. Understanding Of Semantics

Semantics in the Indonesian language comes from the Greek ‘sema’ (noun) meaning ‘mark’ or ‘symbol’. The verb is semaino which means mark or symbolize. What is meant here is a sign or symbol of linguistic signs (France: Signe linguistique).

According to Ferdinand de Saussure (1966), linguistic sign consists of:

1)        The components are replaced, in the form of the sounds of language.

2)        Components are defined or the meaning of the first component.

Both of theese components is a sign or a symbol, and while that is marked or designated is something that is beyond language, or commonly known as the referent / reference / thing designated.

So, science of semantics are :

è The study of the relationship between linguistic signs with the things that marked

è Studies of the meaning or significance.

1. B.  Sense Relations

Relation meaning that there is a semantic relationship between language units with units of other languages. This language units can be words, phrases, sentences, and semantic relationships that can express the similarity of meaning, contradictions, inclusiveness, duality or excess of meaning.

1. a.     Synonymy

Synonymy is the degree of similarity (in terms of meaning) that the two terms of shares. Natural language provides a small enough space to complete synonyms (which will not be economical) and hence, there is little difference in meaning. Buy and purchase is an example for the two near-complete synonyms. In the case of pure semantics, both words mean the same thing, but its use depends on the context they are used in. The purchase likelihood will be used in a slightly higher brow language, while the buying is more common (both senses of the word) variants. Britain has a fairly high number (near) synonym for the entry of French words into the lexicon.

1. b.    Antonomy

Antonyms are pairs of binary opposition as happy – happy, high – in short, young – old, war – peace. They are the qualities that define the meaning of a term that automatically exclude the other – someone that is not tall and  someone who is not happy. Antonomy Can be gradable antonyms or non-gradable, depending on whether or not we can attach to their inflectional morphemes to show the comparison (happy – happier – happiest vs beautiful – * beautifuller – * beautifullest).

1. c.      Hyponymy

Hyponomy illustrates the hierarchical relationship between terms. If we can say that X is a type of Y, there hyponymous relationship between X and Y. Two examples below illustrate the type of connection.

Colours

blue red green yellow purple white black

Cook

toast boiling  fry toaster sayage burn microwave.

In the example, the color terms and cook are superordinates, while the words which they are listed under their hyponyms.

Related to this is meronomy concept, which describes the part-whole relationship. A relation slightly different from that meronymical hyponymous: eyes, lips and nose are part of the face – they are not the kind of face..

1. d.         Homophones

Homophones is a term that has the same sound pattern, but otherwise unrelated. Examples for this are see –  sea, buy – bye, might – mite, night – knight. When the two are spelled the same but different sound patterns, we are talking about homographs. Example for a pair of homographs is the wind, as in we ended up in the same club every weekend vs the wind is very cold in December. When both the pronunciation and writing are identical, conventional linguists talk about homonyms (see below).

1. e.      Homonyms

Homonyms is a term that superficially identical (in speech and writing) but it is not etymologically related:

match = things that light up with
match = things that team football loses

date = a kind of sweet fruit ( kurma )
date = promise

Note that homonyms are characterized by the fact that they look the same superficially, but actually are not related. Usually the etymology of a word is key in determining whether a homonym.

1. f.      Polysemy

Unlike the homonymity that describes different words with meaning No table of contents entries found. The different that just happens to look similar, polysemy words describe individuals with some sense and some (polysemies). Bank length, for example, can indicate either an institution or building in which the institution is located. Both meanings associated with the same words, make the bank polysemous. Instead, the river is not very different meanings of similar terms, but a different word altogether.

C. lexical Meaning

Lexical meaning (leksical meaning, semantic meaning, external meaning) is a stand-alone word meaning either in the form of basic and complex robin (derivatives) and the meaning that there is still like what we see in the dictionary. Lexical meaning can be classified into two types, namely

(a) the conceptual meaning includes connotative meaning, affective meaning, stylistic meaning, significance and meaning of the idiomatic and kolokatif.

Lexical semantic investigate meanings of language in leksem. Therefore, the meaning is in leksem called lexical meaning.

Leksem is a unit-meaningful language. Leksem term can be paired with the term word, commonly used in the study of morphology and syntax, and the usual free grammar & didefiinisikan as the smallest unit. Both single word and compound

Examples:

è sheep                     à the name of animal

è black                      à kind of colour

è black sheep            à ‘someone to blame’

Lexical Semantics in leksiologis covers quite a lot of aspects.

there are the following items:

1. Meaning and Reference
2. Denotation and connotation
3. Analysis of extensional and intensional analysis
4. Meaning and usage
5. Synonymy, antonym, homonymy, and hyponymy.

Lexical is derived from the adjective form of the noun form of the lexicon (vocabulary, vocabulary, vocabulary). Unit of the lexicon is leksem, the unit said, meaning (Chaer, 2002: 60). If the lexicon is equated with the vocabulary or vocabulary words, then leksem can be equated with the word. Thus, the lexical meaning can be interpreted as meaning that is the lexicon, is leksem, or is the word. Lexical meaning of meaning can also be interpreted in accordance with its reference, meaning that in accordance with the observation of the senses, or meaning that is real in our lives. Some experts assert Thus, the noun ‘lexeme’ is of course related to the words ‘lexical’ and ‘lexicon’, (we can think of ‘lexicon’ as having the same meaning as vocabulary or dictionary (Lyons, 1995:47). in the investigation of lexical semantic meanings in leksem-leksem of the language. Therefore, there is meaning in leksem leksem-called lexical meaning. leksem are terms commonly used in the study of semantics to mention meaningful language unit. term leksem this more or less can be paired with the term commonly used words in the study of morphology and syntax and is commonly defined as the smallest unit-free grammar.

16 kind of terms lexical in English language..

1. 1.      Homonymy

Saeed (2000:63) mentions that homonymy is a relation between the same phonological word but its meaning is not related. This definition is somewhat different from the definition of Matthews (1997:164) who called homonymy as a relation between the words of the same shape but different meanings and can not be connected. In my opinion, the definition of homonymy by Saeed confused with the definition of homophones, while the definition hominimi by Matthews confused with the definition of homograph. Homonymy should include the relationship between words and the pronunciation of the same shape, but its meaning is not related.
Example: pen ‘stationery’ with a pen ‘enclosure’.Lyons (1996:55) membedakan antara homonimi absolute dan homonymy partial.

According to Lyons, the absolute homonymy meet the three conditions, they are: (1) meaning is not related, (2) All forms are identical, and (3) Equivalent grammatically. Example: sole ‘bottom of the shoes’ with the sole ‘fish’ is an example of absolute homonymy because it meets all three conditions. While found ‘the past tense of the word find’ and found ‘form of the now established’ including partial homonymy as grammatical aspects are not equivalent.

1. 2.      Homophone

Kinda hard to find a precise definition for the relation homofoni for a variety of linguistic textbooks tend to equate the term with the term homofoni hominimi. Saeed only (2000:63) calls homofoni as related words are pronounced the same. This definition is ambiguous with hononimi definition. Homofoni, based on the origin of said (homos ‘same’ and the phone ‘voice’), showing related words are pronounced the same but the writing is different and unrelated meanings.
Example: ring ‘ring (bell)’ to wring ‘squeeze (clothes)’.

1. 3.       Homograph

Similarly homofoni, Saeed (2000: 63) mentions only homografi as writing the same word relationships. Obviously this definition also confused by the definition of homonymy. He said according to the origin (Greek: homo ‘same’ and graph ‘article’), the author defines as the relation homografi writing the same words but different pronunciation and meaning are not related.

Example: minute [minutes away] ‘minutes’ with a minute [mainiut] ‘very small’.

Homograph definition that I mentioned here the same as the definition heteronymy mentioned by Fromkin and Rodman (1998:164). According to the authors, the term used by heteronimi Fromkin and Rodman is not quite right because he does not reflect the definition of origin (Greek: hetero-‘different’ and-onima ‘name’).

1. 4.      Homofonemy

Of the search word in the English dictionary, the authors saw  one type of related words that have not been mentioned in any book of linguistic and semantic, that is the relation between the words formed by the same phonemes but with different pronunciation and writing. Here the authors have called homofonemi.
Example: male ‘male’ with a lame ‘lame‘ are both formed by the phoneme / ei /, / l /, and / m /.

1. 5.      Polysemy

According to Saeed (2000:64) similar polysemy homonymy, polysemy but in a sense there is a close relation between word forms and similar words.
Examples: hook ‘hook’= kait and hook ‘hook’ = pengait.

1. 6.      Synonymy

Synonyms are different phonological words that has the same meaning or very similar (Saeed 2000:65). Example: The big ‘big’ and large ‘large’.
Matthews (1997:367) distinguishes absolute synonymy (meaning identical in all respects and all contexts) and partial synonymy (meaning identical only in certain contexts). I am not discuss this because linguists still question whether the absolute synonymy exists or not.

1. 7.      Antonymy

In traditional terminology, antonyms are words whose meaning opposition (Saeed 2000:66). Furthermore, Saeed mentions five types of opposition (66-68), namely:

1. Antonymy Simple: the relationship between pairs of words that if one of them positive, others negative. The couple are also called complementary pairs or binary pairs. Examples: dead ‘dead’ by Alive ‘alive’.
2. Terraced antonymy: the relationship between the opposition that if one of them positive, others are not necessarily negative. Examples: hot ‘hot’ in cold ‘cold’.
3. The opposite (reverses): relationships indicate movement in the opposite direction. Examples: push ‘push’ and pull ‘pull’.
4. Conversion (converses): The relationship between the two entities from the point of view changed. Examples: employees ‘workers’ with the employers ‘that give the job’.
5. Taxonomy (taxonomic sisters): the relationship between words in the classification system. Examples: red ‘red’ and blue ‘blue’.

1. 8.      Hiponymy

Hiponymy is the inclusion relation. Hiponymy refers to the vertical relationship of taxonomy (Saeed 2000:68-69). Saeed hiponimi equate the term with hypernymy (superordination). This opinion is different from Cruse (1995: 88-89) which explains that if X is hyponymy of Y, then Y is hypernymy of X.
Examples: dog ‘dog’ and cat ‘cat’ is hyponym of animal ‘animal’.

1. 9.      Hypernymy

As mentioned above, hypernymy or superordination associated with hyponymy. Hypernymy refers to something more general than hyponymy.
Examples: animal ‘animal’ is hypermym of the dog ‘dog’ and cat ‘cat’.

1. 10.  Meronymy

Meronymy is a term used to describe the part-whole relations between lexical items (Saeed, 2000:70). This definition is in accordance with the origin of the word meronymy from the Greek, namely: meros ‘part’ and onima ‘name’.
Examples: page ‘page’ is meronym of the book ‘the book’.

1. 11.  Holonymy

Cruse (1995:162) associate the term with holonymy moronimi. If X is meronim of Y, then Y is holonim of X. The term is also derived from the Greek : Holos ‘whole’ and onima ‘name’.
Example: book ‘the book’ is holonym of the page ‘page’.

1. 12.  Endonymy

Endonymy is the relationship between a pair of words where the meaning of a word included in the other words (Cruse, 1995:123). This definition is similar to the definition superordination (hipernymy) and holonymy. Cruse says that superordination (hipernymy) and holonymy is a special case of endonymy. The author notes that the difference of these three terms can be seen from the origins he said. The term comes from the Greek endonymy endon which means ‘the core or in the’  and onima ‘name’
Examples: foot ‘foot’ is endonym of kick ‘kick’.

1. 13.  Eksonymy

The term eksonymy associated with the term endonymy. The word is derived from the exo  which means ‘outside’ and onima ‘name’
Examples: kick ‘kick’ is eksonym of foot ‘legs’.

1. 14.  Paronymy

Paronymy refers to the relationship between one word with another word of different syntactic categories and formed through a process of derivation (Cruse 1995:130).
Examples: Adjective long ‘long’ with verbs lengthen ‘elongate’.

1. 15.  Metonymy

Metonym is a word used to replace another word or expression to produce the same meaning (Fromkin and Rodman 1998: 168). Pengistilahan he says is consistent with the origin of the Greek meta-meaning ‘others’ and-onyma meaning ‘name’, so combination from both of them means ‘other names’
Examples: brass ‘brass’ is a metonym of the military officers ‘military officials’. The word ‘brass‘ refers to military officials because of a cap on U.S. military officials have a yellow ribbon and brass plate.

1. 16.  Retronymy

Retronym is the expression that had been considered unnecessary (redundant) but due to technological changes in society or the expression of a need anymore (Fromkin and Rodman 1998: 535). Examples: silent movie. Expression coincided with the silent film produced (silent movie) entitled Quo Vadis? in 1912. In the ensuing years, the word silent is not used anymore because of all the movies in those days did not speak. And then  in 1926 Warner Brothers began to introduce a sound films (Sound Films) and producing the first sound film entitled The Jazz Singer in 1927. However, this does not make all of film production using sound . Several producers, among them Charlie Chaplin, still continues to produce silent films and well known, for example: The Great Dictator (1940) and Limelight (1952). Those things bring back the term of silent movie to distinguish with sound movie (Vito Russo in the Encarta Encyclopedia 1993).

 

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A.Conclusion

Discussion of the relation of meaning by focusing on one language produces a more thorough discussion and the new findings. This study combines the various terms of the relation of meaning and found 16 types of meaning relationships between words in English, namely: homonymy, homofoni, homograph, homofonemy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hiponymy, hipernymy, meronymy, holonymy, endonymy, eksonymy, paronymy, metonymy, and retronymy.

The term is derived from the Greek, so tracing the origin of the word the meaning of the term produces a more complete understanding of the definition of each term. Of the 16 types of relationships, the writer put one type of relationships that have not been identified by previous linguists, that is: the homofonemy. This author propose a new term with the assumption that language is constantly evolving, so something new can come at any time.
Language is a tool of human communication that is inseparable from the sense or meaning to every word spoken. Semantics is one of science in which to learn about the meaning.

Understanding of the meaning itself is very diverse. In the Dictionary of Linguistics, understanding the meaning translated into:

•  speaker’s intent;
• influence the application of the use of language in human behavior or perception or human groups;
•  relationship in the sense of equivalence or non equivalence between languages or between speech and all the things he showed, and
• how to use language symbols (Harimurti Kridalaksana, 2001: 132).

B.Suggestion

Semantics is an important branch of linguistic to study. By studying the semantics, we will know about the meanings of language, because the semantics is the study of meaning.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.tutor.com.my/stpm/semantik/semantik.htm

http://elyhamdan.wordpress.com/2010/04/16/semantik-bahasa-indonesia-rangkuman/

http://tantrapuan.wordpress.com/2009/05/13/relasi-makna/